Electric Vehicle Infrastructures

Charging Stations for Electric and Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

Research Report

Plug-in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles are starting to hit the road, and production is anticipated to ramp up substantially over the next several years. But will drivers of these vehicles, which need to be plugged into the electrical power grid to recharge, find themselves running on empty when it comes to finding a robust charging infrastructure?

This study examines the current state of the electric vehicle charging market, segmented into residential, semi-private and public markets, with forecast data on the number of stations installed from 2011 through 2016. The report offers insights into the types of charging stations that will be most prevalent, the countries and regions in which most charging station installations will take place, and even the outlook for charging station components. It also includes discussion and forecasts for automated battery switch stations, which can replace depleted batteries with freshly charged ones in a matter of minutes.

Table of Contents

  • 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
    • 1.1. Primary Market Drivers, Competitive Forces and Market Dynamics
    • 1.2. High Level Technology Overview and Considerations
    • 1.3. Market Outlook and Forecasts
    • 1.4. Electric Vehicles and the Grid/Smart Grid
    • 1.5. Key Takeaways
  • 2. TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW AND CONSIDERATIONS
    • 2.1. Electric and Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Overview
    • 2.2. Plug-in Electric Vehicles (EVs or PEVs)
    • 2.3. Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles
    • 2.4. New Entrants in 2011
    • 2.5. Adoption Inhibitors and Motivators
    • 2.6. Power Consumption Requirements
    • 2.7. Assumptions. 12
    • 2.8. Vehicle Battery Technologies
    • 2.9. Li-ion and Other Battery Technologies
    • 2.10. Lithium-Air Batteries and the Battery 500 Project
    • 2.11. Plug-in Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
    • 2.12. Charging Technology
    • 2.13. Level I Charging Specifications
    • 2.14. Level II Charging Specifications
    • 2.15. Level III Charging Specifications
    • 2.16. Coupling Options
    • 2.17. Conductive Coupling
    • 2.18. United States (SAE J1772 Standard)
    • 2.19. Europe (IEC 62196 and IEC 60309)
    • 2.20. Inductive Coupling
    • 2.21. Mounting Technology
    • 2.22. Bollard Mount
    • 2.23. Pole Mount
    • 2.24. Wall Mount
    • 2.25. Charging Station Accessibility and Usage Management
    • 2.26. Authentication and Payment Technology
    • 2.27. Billing Models
    • 2.28. Subscription Model
    • 2.29. Home Charging
    • 2.30. Pay-Per-Use Model
    • 2.31. Prepaid Model
    • 2.32. Grid Management Technology
    • 2.33. Energy Management Technology
    • 2.34. Security Technology
    • 2.35. Maintenance Issues
    • 2.36. Charging Station Components
    • 2.37. Battery Exchange Technology
    • 2.38. Battery Exchange Process
    • 2.39. Battery Storage and Recharge Process
    • 2.40. Maintenance Issues
    • 2.41. Payment and Authentication Technology
    • 2.42. The Role of ICT (Information and Communications Technology)
  • 3. PLUG-IN CHARGER MARKET SEGMENTATION
    • 3.1. Residential Charging
    • 3.2. Public Lots
    • 3.3. Corporations
    • 3.4. Transit Centers
    • 3.5. Gas Stations/Recharge Centers
    • 3.6. Shopping Malls
    • 3.7. Other Retail Locations
    • 3.8. Hotels and Motels
    • 3.9. Standalone Battery Exchange Centers
    • 3.10. Campgrounds
    • 3.11. Other
  • 4. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
    • 4.1. Asia-Pacific
    • 4.2. Australia
    • 4.3. China
    • 4.4. Europe
    • 4.5. Belgium
    • 4.6. Netherlands
    • 4.7. Denmark
    • 4.8. France
    • 4.9. Ireland
    • 4.10. United Kingdom
    • 4.11. Middle East/Africa
    • 4.12. Israel
    • 4.13. North America
    • 4.14. Canada
    • 4.15. United States
    • 4.16. Project Get Ready
    • 4.17. ChargePoint America
    • 4.18. Hawaii
    • 4.19. Texas
    • 4.20. California
    • 4.21. Illinois
    • 4.22. New York
    • 4.23. Tennessee
  • 5. REGULATORY ISSUES
    • 5.1. Low/Zero Emissions and Fuel Economy Standards
    • 5.2. Legal Provisions Pertaining to the Resale of Electricity
    • 5.3. US Government Incentives and Credits
    • 5.4. International Tax Incentives and Credits
    • 5.5. United Kingdom
    • 5.6. Denmark
    • 5.7. Israel
    • 5.8. China
    • 5.9. Canada
  • 6. TECHNOLOGY STANDARDS
    • 6.1. US-Based Standards Activities
    • 6.2. International Standards Landscape
    • 6.3. Europe
    • 6.4. Other Global Requirements
    • 6.5. Code, Conformance, and Training Issues
    • 6.6. Conclusions
  • 7. MARKET BARRIERS TO COMMERCIALIZATION
    • 7.1. Reliance on Adoption for Infrastructure Deployments
    • 7.2. Network Deployment Costs and Funding Issues
    • 7.3. Cost Recovery and ROI Issues
    • 7.4. Maintenance and Security Costs
    • 7.5. Battery Technology and Cost Issues
  • 8. REVENUE MODELS AND INNOVATIVE BUSINESS MODELS
    • 8.1. Revenue Models
    • 8.2. Host Model
    • 8.3. Operator Model
    • 8.4. Subscription Model
    • 8.5. Revenue Model Conclusions
    • 8.6. Innovative Business Models
    • 8.7. Selling EVs like Consumer Electronics
    • 8.8. Mobile Phone as Car Assistant
    • 8.9. Driving Subscription Plans
    • 8.10. Repurposing Electric Car Batteries for Grid Storage
    • 8.11. Car Sharing
  • 9. ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND THE SMART GRID
    • 9.1. Smart Grid Overview (What is the Smart Grid?)
    • 9.2. What does the Smart Grid Deliver?
    • 9.3. Benefits of the Smart Grid
    • 9.4. What is V2G?
    • 9.5. How does V2G Work?
    • 9.6. Benefits of V2G
    • 9.7. Potential Drawbacks of V2G
    • 9.8. Government Legislation
    • 9.9. Delaware
    • 9.10. California
    • 9.11. Current V2G Projects
    • 9.12. University of Delaware
    • 9.13. University of Warwick, United Kingdom
    • 9.14. University of Michigan
    • 9.15. Electric Power Research Institute
    • 9.16. The IEEE-SA and the SAE
    • 9.17. NREL
    • 9.18. The Electrification Coalition
    • 9.19. Austin Energy
    • 9.20. Advanced Energy/Duke Energy/Progress Energy
    • 9.21. PG&E;
    • 9.22. SCE
    • 9.23. Xcel Energy
    • 9.24. Other - Denmark and Germany
    • 9.25. Smart Grid and V2G Short- and Long-Term Viability
    • 9.26. Key Drivers of V2G Adoption
    • 9.27. Key Constraints to V2G Adoption
    • 9.28. Impact of EVs/PHEVs and V2G on the Smart Grid
  • 10. MARKET OUTLOOK AND FORECASTS
    • 10.1. Forecast Methodology
    • 10.2. Primary and Secondary Sources of Information
    • 10.3. Other Data Sets Used in Preparing this Report
    • 10.4. Forecast Segmentation
    • 10.5. Step-by-Step Process Used to Develop the Forecasts
    • 10.6. Forecast Assumptions
    • 10.7. Gasoline Prices Rise Steadily without Spiking Significantly
    • 10.8. Governments Continue to Provide Incentives
    • 10.9. CAF?? Standards in Effect for the 2016 Model Year
    • 10.10. Market Forecasts
    • 10.11. Charging Station Installations
    • 10.12. Charging Station Revenue
    • 10.13. Charging Stations by Location Type
    • 10.14. Battery Switch Stations by Country
    • 10.15. Cable Assembly Unit Shipments
    • 10.16. Cable Assembly Revenue
    • 10.17. Charging Station Card Processor Unit Shipments
    • 10.18. Full Display Unit Shipments
    • 10.19. Communications Transmitter Unit Shipments
    • 10.20. Calculation of Average Daily Charging Station Usage
    • 10.21. Charging Station Utilization, Private Vehicles vs. Fleets
    • 10.22. Average Daily Battery Switch Station Usage
    • 10.23. Battery Switch Station Utilization, Private Vehicle vs. Fleet
  • 11. KEY INDUSTRY PLAYERS
    • 11.1. Charging Station Manufacturers/Network Builders and Partnerships
    • 11.2. AeroVironment Inc
    • 11.3. Better Place
    • 11.4. Coulomb Technologies
    • 11.5. ECOtality Inc
    • 11.6. Epyon BV
    • 11.7. Evatran LLC/Plugless Power
    • 11.8. EV-Charge America
    • 11.9. GE
    • 11.10. Charging Station Distributors
    • 11.11. Car Charging Inc
    • 11.12. Elektromotive Ltd
    • 11.13. NovaCharge LLC
    • 11.14. VINCI Energies
    • 11.15. Electric Car/Charging Technology Developers
    • 11.16. A123 Systems Inc
    • 11.17. BMW
    • 11.18. Chevrolet (General Motors)
    • 11.19. CODA Automotive Inc
    • 11.20. Fisker Automotive
    • 11.21. Ford Motor Company
    • 11.22. Mercedes Benz
    • 11.23. Mitsubishi Motors
    • 11.24. Renault-Nissan
    • 11.25. Tesla Motors Inc
    • 11.26. Toyota Motor Corp
    • 11.27. Other Technology/Smart Energy Solutions Providers
    • 11.28. Cisco
    • 11.29. Eaton
    • 11.30. IBM
    • 11.31. Oracle
    • 11.32. Schneider Electric
    • 11.33. Siemens
  • 12. COMPANY DIRECTORY
  • 13. ACRONYMS
  • 14. LINKS TO RELATED RESEARCH
    • 14.1. Scope of Study
    • 14.2. Sources and Methodology
    • 14.3. Notes
  • Top Line Forecast
  • Drivers
  • Inhibitors
  • Market Share
  • Summary and Strategic Recommendations

Tables

Log in to view the structure of the tables below.

  1. Plug-in Electric and Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Unit Sales, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  2. Charging Station Installations, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  3. Charging Station Installations, United States, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  4. EVs/PHEVs Demonstrated at 2011 Geneva International Motor Show
  5. Charging Station Installations, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  6. Charging Station Revenue, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  7. Charging Stations by Location Type, World Market (excluding the US), Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  8. Charging Stations by Location Type, United States, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  9. Battery Switch Stations by Country, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  10. Cable Assembly Shipments, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  11. Cable Assembly Revenue, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  12. Charging Station Card Processor Unit Shipments, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  13. Full LCD Display Unit Shipments, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  14. Communications Transmitter Unit Shipments, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  15. Average Daily (12-Hour) Public Charging Station Usage, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  16. Public Charging Station Utilization, Private Passenger Vehicles vs. Fleet Vehicles, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  17. Average Daily (12-Hour) Battery Switch Station Usage, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  18. Battery Switch Station Utilization, Private Passenger Vehicles vs. Fleet Vehicles, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016

Charts

  1. Charging Infrastructure Cost Comparison
  2. Charging Infrastructure Deployments by Type
  3. Charging Station Deployments
  4. Charging Station Revenue
  5. Charging Station Revenue
  6. Charging Station Sales
  7. Level III Charging Station vs. Battery Switch Station Utilization
  8. Charging Infrastructure Deployments by Type, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016
  9. Charging Station Deployments, World Market, Forecast: 2011 to 2016